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#!/usr/bin/python3 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only # # Copyright (C) 2018-2019 Netronome Systems, Inc. # In case user attempts to run with Python 2. from __future__ import print_function import argparse import re import sys, os class NoHelperFound(BaseException): pass class ParsingError(BaseException): def __init__(self, line='<line not provided>', reader=None): if reader: BaseException.__init__(self, 'Error at file offset %d, parsing line: %s' % (reader.tell(), line)) else: BaseException.__init__(self, 'Error parsing line: %s' % line) class Helper(object): """ An object representing the description of an eBPF helper function. @proto: function prototype of the helper function @desc: textual description of the helper function @ret: description of the return value of the helper function """ def __init__(self, proto='', desc='', ret=''): self.proto = proto self.desc = desc self.ret = ret def proto_break_down(self): """ Break down helper function protocol into smaller chunks: return type, name, distincts arguments. """ arg_re = re.compile('((\w+ )*?(\w+|...))( (\**)(\w+))?$') res = {} proto_re = re.compile('(.+) (\**)(\w+)\(((([^,]+)(, )?){1,5})\)$') capture = proto_re.match(self.proto) res['ret_type'] = capture.group(1) res['ret_star'] = capture.group(2) res['name'] = capture.group(3) res['args'] = [] args = capture.group(4).split(', ') for a in args: capture = arg_re.match(a) res['args'].append({ 'type' : capture.group(1), 'star' : capture.group(5), 'name' : capture.group(6) }) return res class HeaderParser(object): """ An object used to parse a file in order to extract the documentation of a list of eBPF helper functions. All the helpers that can be retrieved are stored as Helper object, in the self.helpers() array. @filename: name of file to parse, usually include/uapi/linux/bpf.h in the kernel tree """ def __init__(self, filename): self.reader = open(filename, 'r') self.line = '' self.helpers = [] def parse_helper(self): proto = self.parse_proto() desc = self.parse_desc() ret = self.parse_ret() return Helper(proto=proto, desc=desc, ret=ret) def parse_proto(self): # Argument can be of shape: # - "void" # - "type name" # - "type *name" # - Same as above, with "const" and/or "struct" in front of type # - "..." (undefined number of arguments, for bpf_trace_printk()) # There is at least one term ("void"), and at most five arguments. p = re.compile(' \* ?((.+) \**\w+\((((const )?(struct )?(\w+|\.\.\.)( \**\w+)?)(, )?){1,5}\))$') capture = p.match(self.line) if not capture: raise NoHelperFound self.line = self.reader.readline() return capture.group(1) def parse_desc(self): p = re.compile(' \* ?(?:\t| {5,8})Description$') capture = p.match(self.line) if not capture: # Helper can have empty description and we might be parsing another # attribute: return but do not consume. return '' # Description can be several lines, some of them possibly empty, and it # stops when another subsection title is met. desc = '' while True: self.line = self.reader.readline() if self.line == ' *\n': desc += '\n' else: p = re.compile(' \* ?(?:\t| {5,8})(?:\t| {8})(.*)') capture = p.match(self.line) if capture: desc += capture.group(1) + '\n' else: break return desc def parse_ret(self): p = re.compile(' \* ?(?:\t| {5,8})Return$') capture = p.match(self.line) if not capture: # Helper can have empty retval and we might be parsing another # attribute: return but do not consume. return '' # Return value description can be several lines, some of them possibly # empty, and it stops when another subsection title is met. ret = '' while True: self.line = self.reader.readline() if self.line == ' *\n': ret += '\n' else: p = re.compile(' \* ?(?:\t| {5,8})(?:\t| {8})(.*)') capture = p.match(self.line) if capture: ret += capture.group(1) + '\n' else: break return ret def run(self): # Advance to start of helper function descriptions. offset = self.reader.read().find('* Start of BPF helper function descriptions:') if offset == -1: raise Exception('Could not find start of eBPF helper descriptions list') self.reader.seek(offset) self.reader.readline() self.reader.readline() self.line = self.reader.readline() while True: try: helper = self.parse_helper() self.helpers.append(helper) except NoHelperFound: break self.reader.close() print('Parsed description of %d helper function(s)' % len(self.helpers), file=sys.stderr) ############################################################################### class Printer(object): """ A generic class for printers. Printers should be created with an array of Helper objects, and implement a way to print them in the desired fashion. @helpers: array of Helper objects to print to standard output """ def __init__(self, helpers): self.helpers = helpers def print_header(self): pass def print_footer(self): pass def print_one(self, helper): pass def print_all(self): self.print_header() for helper in self.helpers: self.print_one(helper) self.print_footer() class PrinterRST(Printer): """ A printer for dumping collected information about helpers as a ReStructured Text page compatible with the rst2man program, which can be used to generate a manual page for the helpers. @helpers: array of Helper objects to print to standard output """ def print_header(self): header = '''\ .. Copyright (C) All BPF authors and contributors from 2014 to present. .. See git log include/uapi/linux/bpf.h in kernel tree for details. .. .. %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM) .. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this .. manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are .. preserved on all copies. .. .. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this .. manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the .. entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a .. permission notice identical to this one. .. .. Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this .. manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no .. responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from .. the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not .. have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual, .. which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working .. professionally. .. .. Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by .. the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. .. %%%LICENSE_END .. .. Please do not edit this file. It was generated from the documentation .. located in file include/uapi/linux/bpf.h of the Linux kernel sources .. (helpers description), and from scripts/bpf_helpers_doc.py in the same .. repository (header and footer). =========== BPF-HELPERS =========== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- list of eBPF helper functions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Manual section: 7 DESCRIPTION =========== The extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) subsystem consists in programs written in a pseudo-assembly language, then attached to one of the several kernel hooks and run in reaction of specific events. This framework differs from the older, "classic" BPF (or "cBPF") in several aspects, one of them being the ability to call special functions (or "helpers") from within a program. These functions are restricted to a white-list of helpers defined in the kernel. These helpers are used by eBPF programs to interact with the system, or with the context in which they work. For instance, they can be used to print debugging messages, to get the time since the system was booted, to interact with eBPF maps, or to manipulate network packets. Since there are several eBPF program types, and that they do not run in the same context, each program type can only call a subset of those helpers. Due to eBPF conventions, a helper can not have more than five arguments. Internally, eBPF programs call directly into the compiled helper functions without requiring any foreign-function interface. As a result, calling helpers introduces no overhead, thus offering excellent performance. This document is an attempt to list and document the helpers available to eBPF developers. They are sorted by chronological order (the oldest helpers in the kernel at the top). HELPERS ======= ''' print(header) def print_footer(self): footer = ''' EXAMPLES ======== Example usage for most of the eBPF helpers listed in this manual page are available within the Linux kernel sources, at the following locations: * *samples/bpf/* * *tools/testing/selftests/bpf/* LICENSE ======= eBPF programs can have an associated license, passed along with the bytecode instructions to the kernel when the programs are loaded. The format for that string is identical to the one in use for kernel modules (Dual licenses, such as "Dual BSD/GPL", may be used). Some helper functions are only accessible to programs that are compatible with the GNU Privacy License (GPL). In order to use such helpers, the eBPF program must be loaded with the correct license string passed (via **attr**) to the **bpf**\ () system call, and this generally translates into the C source code of the program containing a line similar to the following: :: char ____license[] __attribute__((section("license"), used)) = "GPL"; IMPLEMENTATION ============== This manual page is an effort to document the existing eBPF helper functions. But as of this writing, the BPF sub-system is under heavy development. New eBPF program or map types are added, along with new helper functions. Some helpers are occasionally made available for additional program types. So in spite of the efforts of the community, this page might not be up-to-date. If you want to check by yourself what helper functions exist in your kernel, or what types of programs they can support, here are some files among the kernel tree that you may be interested in: * *include/uapi/linux/bpf.h* is the main BPF header. It contains the full list of all helper functions, as well as many other BPF definitions including most of the flags, structs or constants used by the helpers. * *net/core/filter.c* contains the definition of most network-related helper functions, and the list of program types from which they can be used. * *kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c* is the equivalent for most tracing program-related helpers. * *kernel/bpf/verifier.c* contains the functions used to check that valid types of eBPF maps are used with a given helper function. * *kernel/bpf/* directory contains other files in which additional helpers are defined (for cgroups, sockmaps, etc.). Compatibility between helper functions and program types can generally be found in the files where helper functions are defined. Look for the **struct bpf_func_proto** objects and for functions returning them: these functions contain a list of helpers that a given program type can call. Note that the **default:** label of the **switch ... case** used to filter helpers can call other functions, themselves allowing access to additional helpers. The requirement for GPL license is also in those **struct bpf_func_proto**. Compatibility between helper functions and map types can be found in the **check_map_func_compatibility**\ () function in file *kernel/bpf/verifier.c*. Helper functions that invalidate the checks on **data** and **data_end** pointers for network processing are listed in function **bpf_helper_changes_pkt_data**\ () in file *net/core/filter.c*. SEE ALSO ======== **bpf**\ (2), **cgroups**\ (7), **ip**\ (8), **perf_event_open**\ (2), **sendmsg**\ (2), **socket**\ (7), **tc-bpf**\ (8)''' print(footer) def print_proto(self, helper): """ Format function protocol with bold and italics markers. This makes RST file less readable, but gives nice results in the manual page. """ proto = helper.proto_break_down() print('**%s %s%s(' % (proto['ret_type'], proto['ret_star'].replace('*', '\\*'), proto['name']), end='') comma = '' for a in proto['args']: one_arg = '{}{}'.format(comma, a['type']) if a['name']: if a['star']: one_arg += ' {}**\ '.format(a['star'].replace('*', '\\*')) else: one_arg += '** ' one_arg += '*{}*\\ **'.format(a['name']) comma = ', ' print(one_arg, end='') print(')**') def print_one(self, helper): self.print_proto(helper) if (helper.desc): print('\tDescription') # Do not strip all newline characters: formatted code at the end of # a section must be followed by a blank line. for line in re.sub('\n$', '', helper.desc, count=1).split('\n'): print('{}{}'.format('\t\t' if line else '', line)) if (helper.ret): print('\tReturn') for line in helper.ret.rstrip().split('\n'): print('{}{}'.format('\t\t' if line else '', line)) print('') ############################################################################### # If script is launched from scripts/ from kernel tree and can access # ../include/uapi/linux/bpf.h, use it as a default name for the file to parse, # otherwise the --filename argument will be required from the command line. script = os.path.abspath(sys.argv[0]) linuxRoot = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(script)) bpfh = os.path.join(linuxRoot, 'include/uapi/linux/bpf.h') argParser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=""" Parse eBPF header file and generate documentation for eBPF helper functions. The RST-formatted output produced can be turned into a manual page with the rst2man utility. """) if (os.path.isfile(bpfh)): argParser.add_argument('--filename', help='path to include/uapi/linux/bpf.h', default=bpfh) else: argParser.add_argument('--filename', help='path to include/uapi/linux/bpf.h') args = argParser.parse_args() # Parse file. headerParser = HeaderParser(args.filename) headerParser.run() # Print formatted output to standard output. printer = PrinterRST(headerParser.helpers) printer.print_all()